It required intensive, complex and costly drug treatment regimen increased the risk of pharmacotherapy error and adversely affects patients. Many new fungal and fungus-derived products.Īutoimmune disorders are chronic, self-mediated, misdirected immune responses against their own immune system. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. In medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases application of –OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. Antigens are taken up by antigen presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC) and processed into peptides which are loaded onto MHC molecules for presentation to T cells via clonotypic T cell receptors (TCR).įungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. A more useful division distinguishes between diseases in which there is a general alteration in the selection, regulation or death of T cells or B cells and those in which an aberrant response to a particular antigen, self or foreign, causes autoimmunity. This classification, although clinically useful, does not necessarily correspond to a difference in causation. systemic lupus erythematosus) or organ-specific (e.g. For clinicians, autoimmune diseases appear to be either systemic (e.g. Most autoimmune diseases are thought to be polygenic, involving more than one gene. The development of autoimmune diseases depends on a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Women account for about 75% of the estimated 23.5 million people in America afflicted by autoimmune diseases, and autoimmune diseases constitute some of the leading causes of death and disability in women below 65 years of age. ADs may be either tissue-specific (e.g., thyroid, β-cells of the pancreas), where unique tissue-specific antigens are targeted, or may be more systemic, in which multiple tissues are affected, and a variety of apparently ubiquitously expressed autoantigens are targeted. AD are defined as diseases in which immune responses to specific self-antigens contribute to the ongoing tissue damage that occurs in that disease. Human autoimmune diseases (AD) occur frequently (affecting in aggregate more than 5% of the population worldwide), and impose a significant burden of morbidity and mortality on the human population. Some other common autoimmune disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), and vasculitis. Autoimmune diseases are pathological conditions identified by abnormal autoimmune responses and characterized by auto-antibodies and T-cell responses to self-molecules by immune system reactivity.
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